China, the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has set ambitious climate targets. President Xi Jinping announced in 2020 that the country aims to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. These dual-carbon goals form the basis of all subsequent climate policies. In 2021, China introduced the “1+N” policy framework to support these objectives. The “1” represents central guiding opinions, while “N” includes action plans and sector-specific measures. China’s energy intensity target, set annually since 2006, was met every year except 2023. In 2024, the focus shifted to fossil fuel energy intensity, aiming for a 2.5% annual reduction. This adjustment could allow CO2 emissions to rise by up to 2.4% if GDP growth hits around 5%. China’s carbon intensity stood at 0.4kg CO2 per US dollar in 2020, higher than major economies like the US (0.2), Japan (0.19), and the EU (0.13). The 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) targets an 18% reduction in carbon intensity, with a 3.9% annual decrease set for 2024. The dual control of energy system, established in 2016, was replaced in 2024 by the dual control of carbon system to better align with the dual-carbon goals.
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